View source for Image Schema

= web links =

 https://d-nb.info/121996610X/34

= definitions =
 '''Johnson''': (1987 xiv) An image schema is a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor 
 programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience.
 '''Johnson''': "structure indefinitely many perceptions, images, and events"
 '''Johnson''': (1987) emerge as meaningful structures for us chieﬂy at the level of our bodily movements through space, our manipulations of objects, and our perceptual interaction

 '''Lakoff and Turner, 1989: 97''' thus when we understand a scene, we naturally structure it in terms of such elementary image-schemas"
 '''Lakoff and Turner, 1980, Ch 9, 15-17''' : image schema allow metaphors to cohere and be structured. 
 Metaphors may cohere if their source domains are special cases of a more general one. 
 specialized forms of {{Metaphor|LIFE AS CYCLE}}
* {{Metaphor|LIFE AS JOURNEY}}
* {{Metaphor|LIFETIME AS DAY}}
* {{Metaphor|LIFETIME AS YEAR}}
* {{Metaphor|LIFE AS FLAME}}
* {{Metaphor|LIFE AS FIRE}}
* {{Metaphor|LIFE AS PRECIOUS POSSESSION}}

Life is a frequent target domain of metaphors. According to the relevant literature, 24 possible metaphorical source domains of life can be found (e.g.
* {{Metaphor|LIFE AS ADVENTURE}},
* {{Metaphor|LIFE AS FIRE}},
* {{Metaphor|LIFE AS LIQUID}},
* {{Metaphor|LIFE AS HISTORY}},
* {{Metaphor|LIFE AS GAMBLING GAME}} etc.).


specialized forms of {{Metaphor|LIFE AS WAXING AND WANING CYCLE OF HEAT AND LIGHT}}
* {{Metaphor|LIFETIME AS DAY}}
* {{Metaphor|LIFETIME AS YEAR}}
* {{Metaphor|LIFE AS FLAME}}

 '''Oakley''': (2006)...a condensed re-description of perceptual experience for the purpose of mapping spatial structure onto conceptual structure.

 '''Hampe''' [2005], is that image schemas are “...directly meaningful (“experiential”/“embodied”), pre-conceptual structures, which arise from or are grounded in human recurrent bodily movements through space, perceptual interactions and ways of manipulating objects”. Further, she points out that it follows that they are highly schematic {{ImageSchema|Gestalts}} that capture the structural contours of sensory-motor experience, integrating information from multiple modalities and exist as continuous and analogue patterns beneath conscious awareness, prior to and independently of other concepts; and are both internally structured and highly ﬂexible.
 Image schemas are integrally tied to perception and motor function, but serve as the bridge to higher-level cognition.

 '''Michael Sinding''' Image schemas are simple, skeletal spatial relations concepts with a small number of parts and relations

= Problems with Literature describing Image Schema = 
* '''Definitions''' don't provide individuation criteria 
* '''Structure Problem''' : difficult to identify what constructs qualify to be defined by an image schema as similar structures are under the same image schema
* '''Categorisation Problem''' : difficult to determine which image schema a particular construct belongs to. 
* '''Static vs Dynamic''' Problem
* [[Maria M. Hedblom]], [[O. Kutz]], [[R. Peñaloza]] , [[G. Guizzardi]] static forms (e.g. Link, Containment and Center Periphery) and in dynamic, temporally-dependent forms (e.g. Linked Path, Going In and Revolving Movement) 
*: Bennett and Cialone list eight kinds of static {{ImageSchema|Containment}} not including {{ImageSchema|In}} and {{ImageSchema|Out}}

= {{ImageSchema|Static Image Schema Categories}} =
In general, {{ImageSchema|Static Image Schema}}s ({{ImageSchema|Static}}) fall into one of these categories: {{ImageSchema|Orientational}}, {{ImageSchema|Topological}}, and {{ImageSchema|Forcedynamic}}. 

== {{ImageSchema|Orientational}} ==
 it specifies an orientation in space relative to the gravitational pull one feels on one’s body. Usually a human orientation
=== {{ImageSchema|Above}} ===
=== {{ImageSchema|Below}} ===

=== {{ImageSchema|Up}} ===
=== {{ImageSchema|Down}} ===

=== {{ImageSchema|Center}} ===
=== {{ImageSchema|Periphery}} ===

== {{ImageSchema|Topological}} ==
 there are a number of topological schemas : 

* a {{ImageSchema|Topological schema}} of {{ImageSchema|Contact}} indicates an absence of a gap.

== {{ImageSchema|Forcedynamic}} ==
 there are several schemas that are forcedynamic in nature;
 it indicates the direction and nature of a {{ImageSchema|Force}}
* in the  {{ImageSchema|Support}} {{ImageSchema|Support Force}} {{ImageSchema|Balance|balance}} to allow the {{ImageSchema|Supportee|supportee}} to stay on the {{ImageSchema|Surface|surface}} of the {{ImageSchema|Supporter}}.

= {{ImageSchema|Dynamic Image Schema Categories}} =
 shaped by culture and context (Hampe et al. 2005)

from Gibbs and Steen (1999) and Hampe (2005) 
: {{ImageSchema|Concrete Concept}}
: {{ImageSchema|Abstract Concept}}
: {{ImageSchema|Image Schema}}
: {{ImageSchema|Metaphor}}
: {{ImageSchema|Event}}
: {{ImageSchema|Word}}
: {{ImageSchema|Story}}

from Michael Sinding 2011 pp 239-257
* {{ImageSchema|Substance}} vs {{ImageSchema|Surface}}
* kinds of {{ImageSchema|Process}} {{ImageSchema|Vessel}}
*: {{ImageSchema|Inflation}} vs {{ImageSchema|Deflation}}

* {{ImageSchema|Lexical Items}}
* {{ImageSchema|Concrete Images}}
* {{ImageSchema|Concrete Events}}

from Don Freeman (1999) {{ImageSchema|Dynamic Image Schema}} amalgam of {{ImageSchema|Container}} and {{ImageSchema|Link}}s and {{ImageSchema|Path}} provide a three stage progression in ''Antony and Cleopatra'' over figurative language imagery, plot, stage, offstage, business, and character.

* {{ImageSchema|Surface}} vs {{ImageSchema|Depth}} in {{ImageSchema|Surface_Depth}}
* {{ImageSchema|Part}} vs {{ImageSchema|Whole}} in {{ImageSchema|Part_Whole}}
* {{ImageSchema|Sequence}} vs {{ImageSchema|Causality}}
*:  (DJW vs {{ImageSchema|Coincidence}} )
* {{ImageSchema|Event}} vs {{ImageSchema|Scene}}
* {{ImageSchema|Vertical Displacement}} 

Relations between two metaphor systems are contrast/complementation vs coherence.
* {{ImageSchema|Up}} vs {{ImageSchema|Down}} is a {{ImageSchema|Vertical Scale}}
* {{ImageSchema|Gaseous Substance}} {{ImageSchema|Liquid Substance}} and {{ImageSchema|Solid Substance}}
* {{ImageSchema|Inflation}} deforms a {{ImageSchema|Container}}

= {{ImageSchema|Spatial Schema}}s {{ImageSchema|Temporal_Schema}}s =
Image Schematic Components hierarchy based on specific or complexity ( Mandler and Canovas 2014)

1) Spatial primitives  first building blocs  to understand perception
* {{ImageSchema|Path}}
* {{ImageSchema|Containment}}
** {{ImageSchema|Container}} (exterior)
** {{ImageSchema|Boundary}} (surface)
** {{ImageSchema|Contents}} (Interior)
* {{ImageSchema|Thing}}
* {{ImageSchema|Contact}}

2) Image Schemas : representation of simple spatial events using spatial primitives
* {{ImageSchema|Path of Thing}}
* {{ImageSchema|Thing into Container}}

3) Schematic integrations - including non-spatial elements: emotions, non-spatial perception

== Space Image Schemas ==
: {{ImageSchema|Space}}
: {{ImageSchema|Location}}
: {{ImageSchema|Up_Down}}
:: ({{ImageSchema|Up}}
:: {{ImageSchema|Down}})
: {{ImageSchema|Front_Back}}
:: ({{ImageSchema|Front}}
:: {{ImageSchema|Back}})
: {{ImageSchema|Left_Right}}
:: ({{ImageSchema|Left}}
:: {{ImageSchema|Right}})
: {{ImageSchema|Near_Far}}
:: ({{ImageSchema|Near}}
:: {{ImageSchema|Far}})
: {{ImageSchema|Verticality}},
: {{ImageSchema|Center_Periphery}}
:: ({{ImageSchema|Center}}
:: {{ImageSchema|Periphery}})
: {{ImageSchema|Straight}}
: {{ImageSchema|Contact}}

== Force Image Schemas ==
: {{ImageSchema|Force}}
: {{ImageSchema|Compulsion}}
: {{ImageSchema|Blockage}}
: {{ImageSchema|Diversion}}
: {{ImageSchema|Counterforce}}
: {{ImageSchema|Restraint}}
: {{ImageSchema|Resistance}}
: {{ImageSchema|Attraction}}
: {{ImageSchema|Enablement}}

== Contain Image Schemas ==
: {{ImageSchema|Containment}}
: {{ImageSchema|Container}}
: {{ImageSchema|Content}}
: {{ImageSchema|In_Out}}
:: ({{ImageSchema|In}}
:: {{ImageSchema|Out}})
: {{ImageSchema|Surface}}
: {{ImageSchema|Separator}}
: {{ImageSchema|Full-Empty}}
:: ({{ImageSchema|Full}}
:: {{ImageSchema|Empty}})

== Movement Schemas ==
: {{ImageSchema|Locomotion}}
: {{ImageSchema|Momentum}}
: {{ImageSchema|Path}}

== Balance Schemas ==
: {{ImageSchema|Balance}}
: {{ImageSchema|Axis Balance}}
: {{ImageSchema|Twin-Pan Balance}}
: {{ImageSchema|Point Balance}}
: {{ImageSchema|Equilibrium}}

== Object Image Schemas ==
: {{ImageSchema|Identity}}
: {{ImageSchema|Matching}}
: {{ImageSchema|Superimposition}}
: {{ImageSchema|Existence}}
: {{ImageSchema|Removal}}
: {{ImageSchema|Bounded space}}
: {{ImageSchema|Cycle}}
: {{ImageSchema|Object}}
: {{ImageSchema|Process}}
: {{ImageSchema|Agent}}

== Multiple Objects ==
: {{ImageSchema|Multiplicity}}
: {{ImageSchema|Merging}}
: {{ImageSchema|Collection}}
: {{ImageSchema|Splitting}}
: {{ImageSchema|Iteration}}
: {{ImageSchema|Part_Whole}}
:: ({{ImageSchema|Part}}
:: {{ImageSchema|Whole}})
: {{ImageSchema|Linkage}}
: {{ImageSchema|Count-Mass}}
:: ({{ImageSchema|Count}}
:: {{ImageSchema|Mass}})


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