Difference between revisions of "Truth Maintenance"
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| − | + | What is Truth Maintenance System | |
| − | + | A knowledge representation method for representing both beliefs and their dependencies. The name truth maintenance is due to the ability of these systems to restore consistency. There are two major truth maintenance systems: single-context and multi-context truth maintenance. In single context systems, consistency is maintained among all facts in memory (database). Multi-context systems allow consistency to be relevant to a subset of facts in memory (a context) according to the history of logical inference. This is achieved by tagging each fact or deduction with its logical history. Multi-agent truth maintenance systems perform truth maintenance across multiple memories, often located on different machines Learn more in: Managing Uncertainties in Interactive Systems | |
| − | |||
| + | https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/BFb0037025 | ||
| + | = Truth Maintenance Reports = | ||
| + | |||
| + | A rational reconstruction of nonmonotonic truth maintenance systems | ||
| + | Author links open overlay panel Charles Elkan a, b, ∗ | ||
| + | https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(90)90086-FGet rights and content | ||
| + | Abstract | ||
| + | The main contribution of this paper is a precise characterization of the inferences performed by nonmonotonic truth maintenance systems (TMSs), using two standard nonmonotonic formalisms: logic programming with the stable set semantics and autoepistemic logic. The paper also contains an analysis of the role of dependency-directed backtracking in dealing with contradictions, and a proof that implementing a nonmonotonic TMS is an NP-complete problem. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Data Fusion: Temporal Reasoning and Truth Maintenance | ||
| + | https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA245600 | ||
| + | This report contains a survey of two techniques that can be used in the field of data fusion temporal reasoning and truth maintenance. The automatic fusion of ... | ||
| + | |||
| + | A Truth Maintenance System, | ||
| + | https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA078419 | ||
| + | The Truth Maintenance System TMS is a problem solver subsystem for performing these functions by recording and maintaining the reasons for program beliefs. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Truth Maintenance Systems for Problem Solving. | ||
| + | https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA054826 | ||
| + | The thesis developed in this paper is that reasoning programs which take care to record the logical justifications for program beliefs can apply several powerful, ... | ||
| + | |||
| + | Towards a General-Purpose Belief Maintenance System. | ||
| + | https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA179830 | ||
| + | This paper addresses the problem of probabilistic reasoning as it applies to Truth Maintenance Systems. A Belief Maintenance System has been constructed ... | ||
| + | |||
| + | Proceedings of the Expert Systems Workshop Held in Pacific Grove ... | ||
| + | https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA170399 | ||
| + | ... Solving Representing Actions with an Assumption-Based Truth Maintenance System CAGE and POLIGON Two Frameworks for Blackboard-based Concurrent ... | ||
| + | |||
| + | Knowledge Based Quality Assurance Tools | ||
| + | https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA223064 | ||
| + | ... framework would include data objects of an Object- Oriented Data Base, a Rule Set, Meta Rules, and a Dependency-Based Truth Maintenance System. | ||
| − | + | Repair, Evaluation, Maintenance, and Rehabilitation Research ... | |
| + | https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA213501 | ||
| + | Unfortunately, no ground truth investigations were carried out by the survey party to ascertain the exact cause, and no maps showing the exact location of the ... | ||
| + | |||
| + | Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop ... | ||
| + | https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA183430 | ||
| + | ... Information An Algebraic Foundation for Truth Maintenance Logics of Justified Belief Using T-norm Based Uncertainty Calculi in a Naval Situation Assessment ... | ||
| + | |||
| + | Memo to the President-Elect: An Alternative National Security ... | ||
| + | https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA432150 | ||
| + | Nothing could be further from the truth. ... needs and also directly from the militarys own vital and often neglected areas of training, housing and maintenance. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Transforming Systems Engineering to Take Advantage of the Digital ... | ||
| + | https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/.../Thurs_21327_Kraft.pdf | ||
| + | File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat | ||
| + | Oct 25, 2018 ... Authoritative Truth Sources. Develop, integrate, and curate models to digitally represent the system of interest over its lifecycle. • Authoritative ... | ||
| + | Temporal Imagery. An Approach to Reasoning about Time for ... | ||
| + | https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA161242 | ||
| + | ... reason maintenance Doyle 79 by keeping track of dependency information involving assumptions about the truth of facts spanning various intervals of time. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The Role of CREATE -AV in Realization of the Digital Thread | ||
| + | https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/.../19823_Kraft.pdf | ||
| + | File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat | ||
| + | Oct 25, 2017 ... surrogate truth sources key to realization of a Digital ... the life cycle – the authoritative digital surrogate “truth source” ... Optimum. Maintenance. | ||
| − | + | Dr Ed Kraft | |
| − | + | https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2018/test/Kraft.pdf | |
| − | + | File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat | |
| − | + | May 16, 2018 ... Maintenance. Forecast ... of an Authoritative Digital Surrogate Truth Source vice just calibrating a model ... authoritative truth source through an. | |
| − | + | ||
| + | How Can We Use Verification and Validation (V&V) Techniques in ... | ||
| + | https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/.../19831_Dam.pdf | ||
| + | File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat | ||
| + | Verification: “the process of establishing the truth, accuracy, or validity of something” [Google definition] ... and Maintenance. Demolition and Disposal. Program. | ||
| + | Full Text: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA432150.pdf | ||
| + | === Temporal Reasoning and Truth Maintenance === | ||
| + | Full Text: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA245600.pdf | ||
| + | Accession Number: ADA245600 | ||
| + | Title: Data Fusion: Temporal Reasoning and Truth Maintenance | ||
| + | Descriptive Note: Final rept. | ||
| + | Corporate Author: FYSISCH EN ELEKTRONISCH LAB TNO THE HAGUE (NETHERLANDS) | ||
| + | Personal Author(s): Kenne, A. P. ; Perre, M. | ||
| + | Report Date: 1991-11-01 | ||
| + | Pagination or Media Count: 101.0 | ||
| + | |||
| + | Abstract: | ||
| + | |||
| + | This report contains a survey of two techniques that can be used in the field of data fusion temporal reasoning and truth maintenance. The automatic fusion of intelligence reports necessitates taking into account the factor time. Incoming messages can lead to new interpretations of the current battlefield situation, changing previously made hypotheses. A data fusion system must also be able to make a prediction of what sightings are to be expected, e. g. in the case of columns of vehicles moving past different sensors. This report describes a temporal database system that can capture some part of the volatility of the intelligence processing domain. While processing intelligence reports there is always an amount of uncertainty and incompleteness that has to be dealt with. So there is a need for maintaining different lines of reasoning or hypotheses pertaining to the battlefield situation concurrently, and incorporating new information as it becomes available. In this report an assumption-based truth maintenance system provides a framework in which this problem can be solved. A prototype has been developed to demonstrate the applicability of the aforementioned techniques. This prototype, called Mefisto Modular Environment for Fusion and Interpretation of Sensor data in Tracking Opposing forces, is a simple knowledge-based system integrated with in temporal truth maintenance facility. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Descriptors: | ||
| + | *MAINTENANCE ; | ||
| + | DATA PROCESSING ; | ||
| + | UNCERTAINTY ; | ||
| + | INTELLIGENCE ; | ||
| + | ENVIRONMENTS ; | ||
| + | DETECTORS ; | ||
| + | INFORMATION SYSTEMS ; | ||
| + | BATTLEFIELDS ; | ||
| + | PROCESSING ; | ||
| + | REPORTS ; | ||
| + | TRACKING ; | ||
| + | MODULAR CONSTRUCTION ; | ||
| + | TIME ; | ||
| + | SURVEYS ; | ||
| + | KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS ; | ||
| + | HYPOTHESES | ||
| + | |||
| + | Subject Categories: Computer Programming and Software; Computer Systems | ||
| + | |||
| + | Distribution Statement: APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE | ||
| + | |||
| + | === Three Valued Truth Maintenance === | ||
| + | from: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA062176 | ||
| + | Accession Number : ADA062176 | ||
| + | Title : A Three Valued Truth Maintenance System. | ||
| + | Descriptive Note : Memorandum rept., | ||
| + | Corporate Author : MASSACHUSETTS INST OF TECH CAMBRIDGE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LAB | ||
Personal Author(s) : McAllester,David A | Personal Author(s) : McAllester,David A | ||
| − | + | Full Text : https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a062176.pdf | |
| − | |||
| − | Full Text : https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a062176.pdf | ||
| − | |||
Report Date : May 1978 | Report Date : May 1978 | ||
Pagination or Media Count : 32 | Pagination or Media Count : 32 | ||
Abstract : Truth maintenace systems have been used in recently developed problem solving systems. A truth maintenance system (TMS) is designed to be used by deductive systems to maintain the logical relations among the beliefs which those systems manipulate. These relations are used to incrementally modify the belief structure when premises are changed, giving a more flexible context mechanism than has been present in earlier artificial intelligence systems. The relations among beliefs can also be used to directly trace the source of contradictions or failures, resulting in far more efficient backtracking. In this paper a new approach is taken to truth maintenance algorithms. Each belief, or proposition, can be in any one of three truth states, true, false, or unknown. The relations among propositions are represented in disjunctive classes. By representing an implication in a clause the same algorithm that is used to deduce its consequent can be used to deduce the negation of antecedents that would lead to contradictions. A simple approach is also taken to the handling of assumptions and back tracking which does not involve the non-monotonic dependency structures present in other truth maintenance systems. (Author) | Abstract : Truth maintenace systems have been used in recently developed problem solving systems. A truth maintenance system (TMS) is designed to be used by deductive systems to maintain the logical relations among the beliefs which those systems manipulate. These relations are used to incrementally modify the belief structure when premises are changed, giving a more flexible context mechanism than has been present in earlier artificial intelligence systems. The relations among beliefs can also be used to directly trace the source of contradictions or failures, resulting in far more efficient backtracking. In this paper a new approach is taken to truth maintenance algorithms. Each belief, or proposition, can be in any one of three truth states, true, false, or unknown. The relations among propositions are represented in disjunctive classes. By representing an implication in a clause the same algorithm that is used to deduce its consequent can be used to deduce the negation of antecedents that would lead to contradictions. A simple approach is also taken to the handling of assumptions and back tracking which does not involve the non-monotonic dependency structures present in other truth maintenance systems. (Author) | ||
| − | + | ||
| − | |||
Descriptors : *MAINTENANCE , *PROBLEM SOLVING , *RELIABILITY , *ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE , ALGORITHMS , SIMULATION , FAILURE | Descriptors : *MAINTENANCE , *PROBLEM SOLVING , *RELIABILITY , *ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE , ALGORITHMS , SIMULATION , FAILURE | ||
| − | |||
Subject Categories : Mfg & Industrial Eng & Control of Product Sys | Subject Categories : Mfg & Industrial Eng & Control of Product Sys | ||
Bionics | Bionics | ||
Distribution Statement : APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE | Distribution Statement : APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE | ||
Latest revision as of 09:26, 15 July 2020
What is Truth Maintenance System
A knowledge representation method for representing both beliefs and their dependencies. The name truth maintenance is due to the ability of these systems to restore consistency. There are two major truth maintenance systems: single-context and multi-context truth maintenance. In single context systems, consistency is maintained among all facts in memory (database). Multi-context systems allow consistency to be relevant to a subset of facts in memory (a context) according to the history of logical inference. This is achieved by tagging each fact or deduction with its logical history. Multi-agent truth maintenance systems perform truth maintenance across multiple memories, often located on different machines Learn more in: Managing Uncertainties in Interactive Systems
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/BFb0037025
Truth Maintenance Reports
A rational reconstruction of nonmonotonic truth maintenance systems Author links open overlay panel Charles Elkan a, b, ∗ https://doi.org/10.1016/0004-3702(90)90086-FGet rights and content Abstract The main contribution of this paper is a precise characterization of the inferences performed by nonmonotonic truth maintenance systems (TMSs), using two standard nonmonotonic formalisms: logic programming with the stable set semantics and autoepistemic logic. The paper also contains an analysis of the role of dependency-directed backtracking in dealing with contradictions, and a proof that implementing a nonmonotonic TMS is an NP-complete problem. Data Fusion: Temporal Reasoning and Truth Maintenance https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA245600 This report contains a survey of two techniques that can be used in the field of data fusion temporal reasoning and truth maintenance. The automatic fusion of ... A Truth Maintenance System, https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA078419 The Truth Maintenance System TMS is a problem solver subsystem for performing these functions by recording and maintaining the reasons for program beliefs. Truth Maintenance Systems for Problem Solving. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA054826 The thesis developed in this paper is that reasoning programs which take care to record the logical justifications for program beliefs can apply several powerful, ... Towards a General-Purpose Belief Maintenance System. https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA179830 This paper addresses the problem of probabilistic reasoning as it applies to Truth Maintenance Systems. A Belief Maintenance System has been constructed ... Proceedings of the Expert Systems Workshop Held in Pacific Grove ... https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA170399 ... Solving Representing Actions with an Assumption-Based Truth Maintenance System CAGE and POLIGON Two Frameworks for Blackboard-based Concurrent ... Knowledge Based Quality Assurance Tools https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA223064 ... framework would include data objects of an Object- Oriented Data Base, a Rule Set, Meta Rules, and a Dependency-Based Truth Maintenance System.
Repair, Evaluation, Maintenance, and Rehabilitation Research ... https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA213501 Unfortunately, no ground truth investigations were carried out by the survey party to ascertain the exact cause, and no maps showing the exact location of the ... Knowledge-Based Systems Workshop: Proceedings of a Workshop ... https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA183430 ... Information An Algebraic Foundation for Truth Maintenance Logics of Justified Belief Using T-norm Based Uncertainty Calculi in a Naval Situation Assessment ... Memo to the President-Elect: An Alternative National Security ... https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA432150 Nothing could be further from the truth. ... needs and also directly from the militarys own vital and often neglected areas of training, housing and maintenance. Transforming Systems Engineering to Take Advantage of the Digital ... https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/.../Thurs_21327_Kraft.pdf File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat Oct 25, 2018 ... Authoritative Truth Sources. Develop, integrate, and curate models to digitally represent the system of interest over its lifecycle. • Authoritative ...
Temporal Imagery. An Approach to Reasoning about Time for ... https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/citations/ADA161242 ... reason maintenance Doyle 79 by keeping track of dependency information involving assumptions about the truth of facts spanning various intervals of time. The Role of CREATE -AV in Realization of the Digital Thread https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/.../19823_Kraft.pdf File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat Oct 25, 2017 ... surrogate truth sources key to realization of a Digital ... the life cycle – the authoritative digital surrogate “truth source” ... Optimum. Maintenance.
Dr Ed Kraft https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/2018/test/Kraft.pdf File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat May 16, 2018 ... Maintenance. Forecast ... of an Authoritative Digital Surrogate Truth Source vice just calibrating a model ... authoritative truth source through an. How Can We Use Verification and Validation (V&V) Techniques in ... https://ndiastorage.blob.core.usgovcloudapi.net/ndia/.../19831_Dam.pdf File Format: PDF/Adobe Acrobat Verification: “the process of establishing the truth, accuracy, or validity of something” [Google definition] ... and Maintenance. Demolition and Disposal. Program.
Full Text: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA432150.pdf
Temporal Reasoning and Truth Maintenance
Full Text: https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA245600.pdf Accession Number: ADA245600 Title: Data Fusion: Temporal Reasoning and Truth Maintenance Descriptive Note: Final rept. Corporate Author: FYSISCH EN ELEKTRONISCH LAB TNO THE HAGUE (NETHERLANDS) Personal Author(s): Kenne, A. P. ; Perre, M. Report Date: 1991-11-01 Pagination or Media Count: 101.0 Abstract: This report contains a survey of two techniques that can be used in the field of data fusion temporal reasoning and truth maintenance. The automatic fusion of intelligence reports necessitates taking into account the factor time. Incoming messages can lead to new interpretations of the current battlefield situation, changing previously made hypotheses. A data fusion system must also be able to make a prediction of what sightings are to be expected, e. g. in the case of columns of vehicles moving past different sensors. This report describes a temporal database system that can capture some part of the volatility of the intelligence processing domain. While processing intelligence reports there is always an amount of uncertainty and incompleteness that has to be dealt with. So there is a need for maintaining different lines of reasoning or hypotheses pertaining to the battlefield situation concurrently, and incorporating new information as it becomes available. In this report an assumption-based truth maintenance system provides a framework in which this problem can be solved. A prototype has been developed to demonstrate the applicability of the aforementioned techniques. This prototype, called Mefisto Modular Environment for Fusion and Interpretation of Sensor data in Tracking Opposing forces, is a simple knowledge-based system integrated with in temporal truth maintenance facility. Descriptors: *MAINTENANCE ; DATA PROCESSING ; UNCERTAINTY ; INTELLIGENCE ; ENVIRONMENTS ; DETECTORS ; INFORMATION SYSTEMS ; BATTLEFIELDS ; PROCESSING ; REPORTS ; TRACKING ; MODULAR CONSTRUCTION ; TIME ; SURVEYS ; KNOWLEDGE BASED SYSTEMS ; HYPOTHESES Subject Categories: Computer Programming and Software; Computer Systems Distribution Statement: APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
Three Valued Truth Maintenance
from: https://apps.dtic.mil/docs/citations/ADA062176 Accession Number : ADA062176 Title : A Three Valued Truth Maintenance System. Descriptive Note : Memorandum rept., Corporate Author : MASSACHUSETTS INST OF TECH CAMBRIDGE ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE LAB Personal Author(s) : McAllester,David A Full Text : https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a062176.pdf Report Date : May 1978 Pagination or Media Count : 32 Abstract : Truth maintenace systems have been used in recently developed problem solving systems. A truth maintenance system (TMS) is designed to be used by deductive systems to maintain the logical relations among the beliefs which those systems manipulate. These relations are used to incrementally modify the belief structure when premises are changed, giving a more flexible context mechanism than has been present in earlier artificial intelligence systems. The relations among beliefs can also be used to directly trace the source of contradictions or failures, resulting in far more efficient backtracking. In this paper a new approach is taken to truth maintenance algorithms. Each belief, or proposition, can be in any one of three truth states, true, false, or unknown. The relations among propositions are represented in disjunctive classes. By representing an implication in a clause the same algorithm that is used to deduce its consequent can be used to deduce the negation of antecedents that would lead to contradictions. A simple approach is also taken to the handling of assumptions and back tracking which does not involve the non-monotonic dependency structures present in other truth maintenance systems. (Author) Descriptors : *MAINTENANCE , *PROBLEM SOLVING , *RELIABILITY , *ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE , ALGORITHMS , SIMULATION , FAILURE Subject Categories : Mfg & Industrial Eng & Control of Product Sys Bionics Distribution Statement : APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE
