Difference between revisions of "ImageSchema"

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  '''Lakoff and Turner, 1980, Ch 9, 15-17''' : image schema allow metaphors to cohere and be structured.  
 
  '''Lakoff and Turner, 1980, Ch 9, 15-17''' : image schema allow metaphors to cohere and be structured.  
 
  Metaphors may cohere if their source domains are special cases of a more general one.  
 
  Metaphors may cohere if their source domains are special cases of a more general one.  
−
  specialized forms of [[Metaphor/LIFE AS CYCLE]]
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  specialized forms of {{Metaphor|LIFE AS CYCLE}}
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* [[Metaphor/LIFE AS JOURNEY]]
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* {{Metaphor|LIFE AS JOURNEY}}
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* [[Metaphor/LIFETIME AS DAY]]
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* {{Metaphor|LIFETIME AS DAY}}
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* [[Metaphor/LIFETIME AS YEAR]]
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* {{Metaphor|LIFETIME AS YEAR}}
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* [[Metaphor/LIFE AS FLAME]]
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* {{Metaphor|LIFE AS FLAME}}
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* [[Metaphor/LIFE AS FIRE]]
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* {{Metaphor|LIFE AS FIRE}}
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* [[Metaphor/LIFE AS PRECIOUS POSSESSION]]
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* {{Metaphor|LIFE AS PRECIOUS POSSESSION}}
  
−
specialized forms of [[Metaphor/LIFE AS WAXING AND WANING CYCLE OF HEAT AND LIGHT]]
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specialized forms of {{Metaphor|LIFE AS WAXING AND WANING CYCLE OF HEAT AND LIGHT}}
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* [[Metaphor/LIFETIME AS DAY]]
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* {{Metaphor|LIFETIME AS DAY}}
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*[[Metaphor/LIFETIME AS YEAR]]
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* {{Metaphor|LIFETIME AS YEAR}}
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* [[Metaphor/LIFE AS FLAME]]
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* {{Metaphor|LIFE AS FLAME}}
  
 
  '''Oakley''': (2006)...a condensed re-description of perceptual experience for the purpose of mapping spatial structure onto conceptual structure.
 
  '''Oakley''': (2006)...a condensed re-description of perceptual experience for the purpose of mapping spatial structure onto conceptual structure.
  
−
  '''Hampe''' [2005], is that image schemas are “...directly meaningful (“experiential”/“embodied”), pre-conceptual structures, which arise from or are grounded in human recurrent bodily movements through space, perceptual interactions and ways of manipulating objects”. Further, she points out that it follows that they are highly schematic [[Image Schema/Gestalt|Gestalts]] that capture the structural contours of sensory-motor experience, integrating information from multiple modalities and exist as continuous and analogue patterns beneath conscious awareness, prior to and independently of other concepts; and are both internally structured and highly flexible.
+
  '''Hampe''' [2005], is that image schemas are “...directly meaningful (“experiential”/“embodied”), pre-conceptual structures, which arise from or are grounded in human recurrent bodily movements through space, perceptual interactions and ways of manipulating objects”. Further, she points out that it follows that they are highly schematic {{ImageSchema|Gestalts}} that capture the structural contours of sensory-motor experience, integrating information from multiple modalities and exist as continuous and analogue patterns beneath conscious awareness, prior to and independently of other concepts; and are both internally structured and highly flexible.
 
  Image schemas are integrally tied to perception and motor function, but serve as the bridge to higher-level cognition.
 
  Image schemas are integrally tied to perception and motor function, but serve as the bridge to higher-level cognition.
  
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* Structure Problem : difficult to identify what constructs qualify to be defined by an image schema as similar structures are under the same image schema
 
* Structure Problem : difficult to identify what constructs qualify to be defined by an image schema as similar structures are under the same image schema
 
* Categorisation Problem : difficult to determine which image schema a particular construct belongs to.  
 
* Categorisation Problem : difficult to determine which image schema a particular construct belongs to.  
−
* Bennett and Cialone eight kinds of static [[Image Schema/Containment]] not including [[Image Schema/In]] and [[Image Schema/Out]]
+
* Bennett and Cialone eight kinds of static {{Image Schema|Containment}} not including {{Image Schema|In}} and {{Image Schema|Out}}
  
−
= [[Static Image Schema Categories]] =
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= {{ImageSchema|Static Image Schema Categories}} =
−
In general, [[Static Image Schema]]s ([[Image Schema/Static]]) fall into one of these categories: [[Image Schema/Orientational]], [[Image Schema/Topological]], and [[Image Schema/Forcedynamic]].  
+
In general, {{ImageSchema|Static Image Schema}}s ({{ImageSchema|Static}}) fall into one of these categories: {{ImageSchema|Orientational}}, {{ImageSchema|Topological}}, and {{ImageSchema|Forcedynamic}}.  
  
−
== [[Orientational]] ==
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== {{ImageSchema|Orientational}} ==
 
  it specifies an orientation in space relative to the gravitational pull one feels on one’s body. Usually a human orientation
 
  it specifies an orientation in space relative to the gravitational pull one feels on one’s body. Usually a human orientation
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* [[Image Schema/Above]]
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* {{ImageSchema|Above}}
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* [[Image Schema/Below]]
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* {{ImageSchema|Below}}
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* [[Image Schema/Up]]
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* {{ImageSchema|Up}}
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* [[Image Schema/Down]]
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* {{ImageSchema|Down}}
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* [[Image Schema/Center]]
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* {{ImageSchema|Center}}
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* [[Image Schema/Periphery]]
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* {{ImageSchema|Periphery}}
  
−
== [[Topological]] ==
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== {{ImageSchema|Topological}} ==
 
  there are a number of topological schemas :  
 
  there are a number of topological schemas :  
  
−
* a [[Topological schema]] of [[Image Schema/Contact]] indicates an absence of a gap.
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* a {{ImageSchema|Topological schema}} of {{ImageSchema|Contact}} indicates an absence of a gap.
  
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== [[Forcedynamic]] ==
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== {{ImageSchema|Forcedynamic}} ==
−
  there are several schemas that are forcedynamic in nature; it indicates the direction and nature of a [[Image Schema/Force]]
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  there are several schemas that are forcedynamic in nature; it indicates the direction and nature of a {{ImageSchema|Force}}
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* in the  [[Image Schema/Support]] [[Image Schema/support Force|forces]] [[Image Schema/Balance|balance]] to allow the [[Image Schema/Supportee|supportee]] to stay on the [[Image Schema/Surface|surface]] of the [[Image Schema/Supporter]].
+
* in the  {{ImageSchema|Support}} {{ImageSchema|support Force|forces}} {{ImageSchema|Balance|balance}} to allow the {{ImageSchema|Supportee|supportee}} to stay on the {{ImageSchema|Surface|surface}} of the {{ImageSchema|Supporter}}.
  
−
= [[Dynamic Image Schema Categories]] =
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= {{ImageSchema|Dynamic Image Schema Categories}} =
 
  shaped by culture and context (Hampe et al. 2005)
 
  shaped by culture and context (Hampe et al. 2005)
  
 
from Gibbs and Steen (1999) and Hampe (2005)  
 
from Gibbs and Steen (1999) and Hampe (2005)  
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[[Concrete Concept]] [[Abstract Concept]] [[Image Schema]] [[Metaphor]] [[Event]] [[Word]] [[Story]]
+
{{ImageSchema|Concrete Concept}} {{ImageSchema|Abstract Concept}} {{ImageSchema|Image Schema}} {{ImageSchema|Metaphor}} {{ImageSchema|Event}} {{ImageSchema|Word}} {{ImageSchema|Story}}
  
 
from Michael Sinding 2011 pp 239-257
 
from Michael Sinding 2011 pp 239-257
−
[[Image Schema/Substance]] vs [[Image Schema/Surface]]
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* {{ImageSchema|Substance}} vs {{ImageSchema|Surface}}
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[[Image Schema/Inflation]] vs [[Image Schema/Deflation]] kinds of [[Image Schema/Process]] [[Image Schema/Vessel]]
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* {{ImageSchema|Inflation}} vs {{ImageSchema|Deflation}} kinds of {{ImageSchema|Process}} {{ImageSchema|Vessel}}
−
[[Lexical Items]] and [[Concrete Images]] and [[Concrete Events]]
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* {{ImageSchema|Lexical Items}} and {{ImageSchema|Concrete Images}} and {{ImageSchema|Concrete Events}}
  
−
from Don Freeman (1999) [[Dynamic Image Schema]] amalgam of [[Image Schema/Container]] and [[Image Schema/Link]]s and [[Image Schema/Path]] provide a three stage progression in ''Antony and Cleopatra'' over figurative language imagery, plot, stage, offstage, business, and character.
+
from Don Freeman (1999) {{ImageSchema|Dynamic Image Schema}} amalgam of {{ImageSchema|Container}} and {{ImageSchema|Link}}s and {{ImageSchema|Path}} provide a three stage progression in ''Antony and Cleopatra'' over figurative language imagery, plot, stage, offstage, business, and character.
  
−
[[Image Schema/Surface]] vs [[Image Schema/Depth]] in [[Image Schema/Surface Depth]]
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* {{ImageSchema|Surface}} vs {{ImageSchema|Depth}} in {{ImageSchema|Surface Depth}}
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[[Image Schema/Part]] vs [[Image Schema/Whole]] in [[Image Schema/Part Whole]]
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* {{ImageSchema|Part}} vs {{ImageSchema|Whole}} in {{ImageSchema|Part Whole}}
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[[Image Schema/Sequence]] vs [[Image Schema/Causality]]
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* {{ImageSchema|Sequence}} vs {{ImageSchema|Causality}}
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[[Image Schema/Event]] vs [[Image Schema/Scene]]
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* {{ImageSchema|Event}} vs {{ImageSchema|Scene}}
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[[Image Schema/Vertical Displacement]]
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* {{ImageSchema|Vertical Displacement}}
 
relations between two metaphor systems are contrast/complementation vs coherence.
 
relations between two metaphor systems are contrast/complementation vs coherence.
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[[Image Schema/Up]] vs [[Image Schema/Down]] is a [[Image Schema/Vertical Scale]]
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* {{ImageSchema|Up}} vs {{ImageSchema|Down}} is a {{ImageSchema|Vertical Scale}}
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[[Image Schema/Gaseous Substance]] [[Image Schema/Liquid Substance]] and
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* {{ImageSchema|Gaseous Substance}} {{ImageSchema|Liquid Substance}} and {{ImageSchema|Solid Substance}}
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[[Image Schema/Solid Substance]]
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* {{ImageSchema|Inflation}} deforms a {{ImageSchema|Container}}
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  [[Image Schema/Inflation]] deforms a [[Image Schema/Container]]
 
  
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= [[Spatial Schema]]s and [[Temporal Schema]]s =
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= {{ImageSchema|Spatial Schema}}s and {{ImageSchema|Temporal Schema}}s =
 
Image Schematic Components hierarchy based on specific or complexity ( Mandler and Canovas 2014)
 
Image Schematic Components hierarchy based on specific or complexity ( Mandler and Canovas 2014)
  
 
1) Spatial primitives  first building blocs  to understand perception
 
1) Spatial primitives  first building blocs  to understand perception
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* [[Path]]
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* {{ImageSchema|Path}}
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* [[Containment]] = [[Container]] (exterior) + [[Boundary]] (surface) + [[Contents]] (Interior)
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* {{ImageSchema|Containment}} = {{ImageSchema|Container}} (exterior) + {{ImageSchema|Boundary}} (surface) + {{ImageSchema|Contents}} (Interior)
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* [[Thing]]
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* {{ImageSchema|Thing}}
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* [[Contact]]
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* {{ImageSchema|Contact}}
  
 
2) Image Schemas : representation of simple spatial events using spatial primitives
 
2) Image Schemas : representation of simple spatial events using spatial primitives
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* [[Path of Thing]]
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* {{ImageSchema|Path of Thing}}
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* [[Thing into Container]]
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* {{ImageSchema|Thing into Container}}
  
 
3) Schematic integrations - including non-spatial elements: emotions, non-spatieal perception
 
3) Schematic integrations - including non-spatial elements: emotions, non-spatieal perception
 
= Listing =
 
= Listing =
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== [[Space]] ==
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== {{ImageSchema|Space}} ==
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: [[Location]], [[Up-Down]](|[[Up]]-[[Down]]), [[Front-Back]]([[Front]]-[[Back]]),
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: {{ImageSchema|Location}}, {{ImageSchema|Up-Down}}(|{{ImageSchema|Up}}-{{ImageSchema|Down}}), {{ImageSchema|Front-Back}}({{ImageSchema|Front}}-{{ImageSchema|Back}}),
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: [[Left-Right]]([[Left]]-[[Right]]), [[Near-Far]]([[Near]]-[[Far]]), [[Verticality]],
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: {{ImageSchema|Left-Right}}({{ImageSchema|Left}}-{{ImageSchema|Right}}), {{ImageSchema|Near-Far}}({{ImageSchema|Near}}-{{ImageSchema|Far}}), {{ImageSchema|Verticality}},
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: [[Center-Periphery]]([[Center]]-[[Periphery]]), [[Straight]], [[Contact]]
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: {{ImageSchema|Center-Periphery}}({{ImageSchema|Center}}-{{ImageSchema|Periphery}}), {{ImageSchema|Straight}}, {{ImageSchema|Contact}}
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== [[Force]] ==
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== {{ImageSchema|Force}} ==
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: [[Compulsion]], [[Blockage]], [[Diversion]],
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: {{ImageSchema|Compulsion}}, {{ImageSchema|Blockage}}, {{ImageSchema|Diversion}},
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: [[Counterforce]], [[Restraint]], [[Resistance]],
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: {{ImageSchema|Counterforce}}, {{ImageSchema|Restraint}}, {{ImageSchema|Resistance}},
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: [[Attraction]], [[Enablement]]
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: {{ImageSchema|Attraction}}, {{ImageSchema|Enablement}}
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== [[Containment]] ==
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== {{ImageSchema|Containment}} ==
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: [[Container]], [[In-Out]]([[In]]-[[Out]]), [[Surface]],
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: {{ImageSchema|Container}}, {{ImageSchema|In-Out}}({{ImageSchema|In}}-{{ImageSchema|Out}}), {{ImageSchema|Surface}},
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: [[Content]], [[Full-Empty]]([[Full]]-[[Empty]])
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: {{ImageSchema|Content}}, {{ImageSchema|Full-Empty}}({{ImageSchema|Full}}-{{ImageSchema|Empty}})
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== [[Locomotion]] ==
+
== {{ImageSchema|Locomotion}} ==
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: [[Momentum]], [[Path]]
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: {{ImageSchema|Momentum}}, {{ImageSchema|Path}}
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== [[Balance]] ==
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== {{ImageSchema|Balance}} ==
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: [[Axis Balance]], [[Twin-Pan Balance]],
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: {{ImageSchema|Axis Balance}}, {{ImageSchema|Twin-Pan Balance}},
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: [[Point Balance]], [[Equilibrium]]
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: {{ImageSchema|Point Balance}}, {{ImageSchema|Equilibrium}}
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== [[Identity]] ==
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== {{ImageSchema|Identity}} ==
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: [[Matching]], [[Superimposition]]
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: {{ImageSchema|Matching}}, {{ImageSchema|Superimposition}}
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== [[Multiplicity]] ==
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== {{ImageSchema|Multiplicity}} ==
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: [[Merging]], [[Collection]], [[Splitting]],
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: {{ImageSchema|Merging}}, {{ImageSchema|Collection}}, {{ImageSchema|Splitting}},
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: [[Iteration]], [[Part-Whole]]([[Part]]-[[Whole]]), [[Linkage]],
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: {{ImageSchema|Iteration}}, {{ImageSchema|Part-Whole}}({{ImageSchema|Part}}-{{ImageSchema|Whole}}), {{ImageSchema|Linkage}},
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: [[Count-Mass]]([[Count]]-[[Mass]])
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: {{ImageSchema|Count-Mass}}({{ImageSchema|Count}}-{{ImageSchema|Mass}})
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== [[Existence]] ==
+
== {{ImageSchema|Existence}} ==
−
: [[Removal]], [[Bounded space]],
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: {{ImageSchema|Removal}}, {{ImageSchema|Bounded space}},
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: [[Cycle]], [[Object]], [[Process]], [[Agent]]
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: {{ImageSchema|Cycle}}, {{ImageSchema|Object}}, {{ImageSchema|Process}}, {{ImageSchema|Agent}}
  
 
{{subpages-name}}
 
{{subpages-name}}

Revision as of 22:23, 1 December 2020

definitions

Johnson: (1987 xiv) An image schema is a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor 
programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience.
Johnson: "structure indefinitely many perceptions, images, and events"
Johnson: (1987) emerge as meaningful structures for us chiefly at the level of our bodily movements through space, our manipulations of objects, and our perceptual interaction

Lakoff and Turner, 1989: 97 thus when we understand a scene, we naturally structure it in terms of such elementary image-schemas"
Lakoff and Turner, 1980, Ch 9, 15-17 : image schema allow metaphors to cohere and be structured. 
Metaphors may cohere if their source domains are special cases of a more general one. 
specialized forms of  Metaphor/LIFE AS CYCLE

specialized forms of Metaphor/LIFE AS WAXING AND WANING CYCLE OF HEAT AND LIGHT 

Oakley: (2006)...a condensed re-description of perceptual experience for the purpose of mapping spatial structure onto conceptual structure.

Hampe [2005], is that image schemas are “...directly meaningful (“experiential”/“embodied”), pre-conceptual structures, which arise from or are grounded in human recurrent bodily movements through space, perceptual interactions and ways of manipulating objects”. Further, she points out that it follows that they are highly schematic  Image_Schema/Gestalts that capture the structural contours of sensory-motor experience, integrating information from multiple modalities and exist as continuous and analogue patterns beneath conscious awareness, prior to and independently of other concepts; and are both internally structured and highly flexible.
Image schemas are integrally tied to perception and motor function, but serve as the bridge to higher-level cognition.

Michael Sinding Image schemas are simple, skeletal spatial relations concepts with a small number of parts and relations

Problems

Definitions don't provide individuation criteria
  • Structure Problem : difficult to identify what constructs qualify to be defined by an image schema as similar structures are under the same image schema
  • Categorisation Problem : difficult to determine which image schema a particular construct belongs to.
  • Bennett and Cialone eight kinds of static Template:Image Schema not including Template:Image Schema and Template:Image Schema

Image_Schema/Static Image Schema Categories

In general, Image_Schema/Static Image Schemas ( Image_Schema/Static) fall into one of these categories: Image_Schema/Orientational, Image_Schema/Topological, and Image_Schema/Forcedynamic.

Image_Schema/Orientational

it specifies an orientation in space relative to the gravitational pull one feels on one’s body. Usually a human orientation

Image_Schema/Topological

there are a number of topological schemas :

Image_Schema/Forcedynamic

there are several schemas that are forcedynamic in nature; it indicates the direction and nature of a  Image_Schema/Force

Image_Schema/Dynamic Image Schema Categories

shaped by culture and context (Hampe et al. 2005)

from Gibbs and Steen (1999) and Hampe (2005) 

Image_Schema/Concrete Concept  Image_Schema/Abstract Concept  Image_Schema/Image Schema  Image_Schema/Metaphor  Image_Schema/Event  Image_Schema/Word  Image_Schema/Story

from Michael Sinding 2011 pp 239-257

from Don Freeman (1999) Image_Schema/Dynamic Image Schema amalgam of Image_Schema/Container and Image_Schema/Links and Image_Schema/Path provide a three stage progression in Antony and Cleopatra over figurative language imagery, plot, stage, offstage, business, and character.

relations between two metaphor systems are contrast/complementation vs coherence.

Image_Schema/Spatial Schemas and Image_Schema/Temporal Schemas

Image Schematic Components hierarchy based on specific or complexity ( Mandler and Canovas 2014)

1) Spatial primitives first building blocs to understand perception

2) Image Schemas : representation of simple spatial events using spatial primitives

3) Schematic integrations - including non-spatial elements: emotions, non-spatieal perception

Listing

Image_Schema/Space

Image_Schema/Location, Image_Schema/Up-Down(| Image_Schema/Up- Image_Schema/Down), Image_Schema/Front-Back( Image_Schema/Front- Image_Schema/Back),
Image_Schema/Left-Right( Image_Schema/Left- Image_Schema/Right), Image_Schema/Near-Far( Image_Schema/Near- Image_Schema/Far), Image_Schema/Verticality,
Image_Schema/Center-Periphery( Image_Schema/Center- Image_Schema/Periphery), Image_Schema/Straight, Image_Schema/Contact

Image_Schema/Force

Image_Schema/Compulsion, Image_Schema/Blockage, Image_Schema/Diversion,
Image_Schema/Counterforce, Image_Schema/Restraint, Image_Schema/Resistance,
Image_Schema/Attraction, Image_Schema/Enablement

Image_Schema/Containment

Image_Schema/Container, Image_Schema/In-Out( Image_Schema/In- Image_Schema/Out), Image_Schema/Surface,
Image_Schema/Content, Image_Schema/Full-Empty( Image_Schema/Full- Image_Schema/Empty)

Image_Schema/Locomotion

Image_Schema/Momentum, Image_Schema/Path

Image_Schema/Balance

Image_Schema/Axis Balance, Image_Schema/Twin-Pan Balance,
Image_Schema/Point Balance, Image_Schema/Equilibrium

Image_Schema/Identity

Image_Schema/Matching, Image_Schema/Superimposition

Image_Schema/Multiplicity

Image_Schema/Merging, Image_Schema/Collection, Image_Schema/Splitting,
Image_Schema/Iteration, Image_Schema/Part-Whole( Image_Schema/Part- Image_Schema/Whole), Image_Schema/Linkage,
Image_Schema/Count-Mass( Image_Schema/Count- Image_Schema/Mass)

Image_Schema/Existence

Image_Schema/Removal, Image_Schema/Bounded space,
Image_Schema/Cycle, Image_Schema/Object, Image_Schema/Process, Image_Schema/Agent
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