Difference between revisions of "Image Schema"
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Revision as of 17:16, 27 January 2021
Contents
definitions
Johnson: (1987 xiv) An image schema is a recurring, dynamic pattern of our perceptual interactions and motor programs that gives coherence and structure to our experience. Johnson: "structure indefinitely many perceptions, images, and events" Johnson: (1987) emerge as meaningful structures for us chiefly at the level of our bodily movements through space, our manipulations of objects, and our perceptual interaction
Lakoff and Turner, 1989: 97 thus when we understand a scene, we naturally structure it in terms of such elementary image-schemas" Lakoff and Turner, 1980, Ch 9, 15-17 : image schema allow metaphors to cohere and be structured. Metaphors may cohere if their source domains are special cases of a more general one. specialized forms of Metaphor/LIFE AS CYCLE
- Metaphor/LIFE AS JOURNEY
- Metaphor/LIFETIME AS DAY
- Metaphor/LIFETIME AS YEAR
- Metaphor/LIFE AS FLAME
- Metaphor/LIFE AS FIRE
- Metaphor/LIFE AS PRECIOUS POSSESSION
Life is a frequent target domain of metaphors. According to the relevant literature, 24 possible metaphorical source domains of life can be found (e.g.
- Metaphor/LIFE AS ADVENTURE,
- Metaphor/LIFE AS FIRE,
- Metaphor/LIFE AS LIQUID,
- Metaphor/LIFE AS HISTORY,
- Metaphor/LIFE AS GAMBLING GAME etc.).
specialized forms of Metaphor/LIFE AS WAXING AND WANING CYCLE OF HEAT AND LIGHT
Oakley: (2006)...a condensed re-description of perceptual experience for the purpose of mapping spatial structure onto conceptual structure.
Hampe [2005], is that image schemas are “...directly meaningful (“experiential”/“embodied”), pre-conceptual structures, which arise from or are grounded in human recurrent bodily movements through space, perceptual interactions and ways of manipulating objects”. Further, she points out that it follows that they are highly schematic Image_Schema/Gestalts that capture the structural contours of sensory-motor experience, integrating information from multiple modalities and exist as continuous and analogue patterns beneath conscious awareness, prior to and independently of other concepts; and are both internally structured and highly flexible. Image schemas are integrally tied to perception and motor function, but serve as the bridge to higher-level cognition.
Michael Sinding Image schemas are simple, skeletal spatial relations concepts with a small number of parts and relations
Problems with Literature describing Image Schema
- Definitions don't provide individuation criteria
- Structure Problem : difficult to identify what constructs qualify to be defined by an image schema as similar structures are under the same image schema
- Categorisation Problem : difficult to determine which image schema a particular construct belongs to.
- Static vs Dynamic Problem
- Bennett and Cialone list eight kinds of static Image_Schema/Containment not including Image_Schema/In and Image_Schema/Out
Image_Schema/Static Image Schema Categories
In general, Image_Schema/Static Image Schemas ( Image_Schema/Static) fall into one of these categories: Image_Schema/Orientational, Image_Schema/Topological, and Image_Schema/Forcedynamic.
Image_Schema/Orientational
it specifies an orientation in space relative to the gravitational pull one feels on one’s body. Usually a human orientation
Image_Schema/Above
Image_Schema/Below
Image_Schema/Up
Image_Schema/Down
Image_Schema/Center
Image_Schema/Periphery
Image_Schema/Topological
there are a number of topological schemas :
- a Image_Schema/Topological schema of Image_Schema/Contact indicates an absence of a gap.
Image_Schema/Forcedynamic
there are several schemas that are forcedynamic in nature; it indicates the direction and nature of a Image_Schema/Force
- in the Image_Schema/Support Image_Schema/support Force Image_Schema/Balance to allow the Image_Schema/Supportee to stay on the Image_Schema/Surface of the Image_Schema/Supporter.
Image_Schema/Dynamic Image Schema Categories
shaped by culture and context (Hampe et al. 2005)
from Gibbs and Steen (1999) and Hampe (2005)
Image_Schema/Concrete Concept Image_Schema/Abstract Concept Image_Schema/Image Schema Image_Schema/Metaphor Image_Schema/Event Image_Schema/Word Image_Schema/Story
from Michael Sinding 2011 pp 239-257
- Image_Schema/Substance vs Image_Schema/Surface
- Image_Schema/Inflation vs Image_Schema/Deflation kinds of Image_Schema/Process Image_Schema/Vessel
- Image_Schema/Lexical Items and Image_Schema/Concrete Images and Image_Schema/Concrete Events
from Don Freeman (1999) Image_Schema/Dynamic Image Schema amalgam of Image_Schema/Container and Image_Schema/Links and Image_Schema/Path provide a three stage progression in Antony and Cleopatra over figurative language imagery, plot, stage, offstage, business, and character.
- Image_Schema/Surface vs Image_Schema/Depth in Image_Schema/Surface Depth
- Image_Schema/Part vs Image_Schema/Whole in Image_Schema/Part Whole
- Image_Schema/Sequence vs Image_Schema/Causality
- Image_Schema/Event vs Image_Schema/Scene
- Image_Schema/Vertical Displacement
Relations between two metaphor systems are contrast/complementation vs coherence.
- Image_Schema/Up vs Image_Schema/Down is a Image_Schema/Vertical Scale
- Image_Schema/Gaseous Substance Image_Schema/Liquid Substance and Image_Schema/Solid Substance
- Image_Schema/Inflation deforms a Image_Schema/Container
Image_Schema/Spatial Schemas and Image_Schema/Temporal Schemas
Image Schematic Components hierarchy based on specific or complexity ( Mandler and Canovas 2014)
1) Spatial primitives first building blocs to understand perception
- Image_Schema/Path
- Image_Schema/Containment = Image_Schema/Container (exterior) + Image_Schema/Boundary (surface) + Image_Schema/Contents (Interior)
- Image_Schema/Thing
- Image_Schema/Contact
2) Image Schemas : representation of simple spatial events using spatial primitives
3) Schematic integrations - including non-spatial elements: emotions, non-spatieal perception
Listing
Image_Schema/Space
- Image_Schema/Location, Image_Schema/Up-Down(| Image_Schema/Up- Image_Schema/Down), Image_Schema/Front-Back( Image_Schema/Front- Image_Schema/Back),
- Image_Schema/Left-Right( Image_Schema/Left- Image_Schema/Right), Image_Schema/Near-Far( Image_Schema/Near- Image_Schema/Far), Image_Schema/Verticality,
- Image_Schema/Center-Periphery( Image_Schema/Center- Image_Schema/Periphery), Image_Schema/Straight, Image_Schema/Contact
Image_Schema/Force
- Image_Schema/Compulsion, Image_Schema/Blockage, Image_Schema/Diversion,
- Image_Schema/Counterforce, Image_Schema/Restraint, Image_Schema/Resistance,
- Image_Schema/Attraction, Image_Schema/Enablement
Image_Schema/Containment
- Image_Schema/Container, Image_Schema/In-Out( Image_Schema/In- Image_Schema/Out), Image_Schema/Surface,
- Image_Schema/Content, Image_Schema/Full-Empty( Image_Schema/Full- Image_Schema/Empty)
Movement Schemas
Balance Schemas
- Image_Schema/Balance
- Image_Schema/Axis Balance
- Image_Schema/Twin-Pan Balance
- Image_Schema/Point Balance
- Image_Schema/Equilibrium
Object Image Schemas
Multiple Objects
- Image_Schema/Multiplicity
- Image_Schema/Merging
- Image_Schema/Collection
- Image_Schema/Splitting
- Image_Schema/Iteration
- Image_Schema/Part_Whole
- Image_Schema/Count-Mass
Image_Schema/Existence
- Image_Schema/Removal, Image_Schema/Bounded space,
- Image_Schema/Cycle, Image_Schema/Object, Image_Schema/Process, Image_Schema/Agent
